Landscape as historical witness.

Agincourt Battlefield

Azincourt · Pas-de-Calais

Azincourt (Pas-de-Calais, France), site of the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415, where Henry V of England defeated a numerically superior French force during the Hundred Years’ War.

Alesia Battlefield

Alise-Sainte-Reine · Côte-d’Or

Alise-Sainte-Reine (Burgundy, France), site of Julius Caesar’s double-circumvallation siege in 52 BC that broke Gallic resistance under Vercingetorix.

Arnhem Battlefield

Arnhem · Gelderland

Arnhem (Netherlands), site of the September 1944 Battle of Arnhem, the northern pivot of the Allied airborne offensive during Operation Market Garden in the Second World War.

Austerlitz Battlefield

Slavkov u Brna · South Moravian Region

Slavkov u Brna (historically Austerlitz, Czech Republic), site of the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805, Napoleon’s “Battle of the Three Emperors”.

Bannockburn Battlefield

Stirling · Stirling

Bannockburn near Stirling (Scotland), where Robert the Bruce defeated the English army of Edward II on 23–24 June 1314. A Designated Scottish Battlefield (Historic Environment Scotland BTL4).

Battle Abbey and Battlefield

Battle · East Sussex

Battle Abbey and the battlefield of Hastings (14 October 1066), where Anglo-Saxon forces under King Harold II met the Norman-French army of William, Duke of Normandy. A designated Registered Battlefield (Historic England NHLE 1000013).

Battle of Edgehill 1642

Radway · Warwickshire

Edgehill near Radway (Warwickshire, England), site of the first major pitched battle of the First English Civil War on 23 October 1642. A Registered Battlefield (NHLE 1000009).

Battle of Flodden 1513

Branxton · Northumberland

Flodden near Branxton (Northumberland, England), where an English army defeated the Scots on 9 September 1513, killing King James IV. A Registered Battlefield (NHLE 1000011).

Battle of Marston Moor 1644

Long Marston · North Yorkshire

Marston Moor west of York (North Yorkshire, England), where Parliamentarian and Scottish Covenanter forces decisively broke Royalist control of the North on 2 July 1644. A Registered Battlefield (NHLE 1000020).

Battle of Naseby 1645

Naseby · Northamptonshire

Naseby (Northamptonshire, England), where the Parliamentarian New Model Army shattered King Charles I’s main field army on 14 June 1645. A Registered Battlefield (NHLE 1000023).

Battle of Tewkesbury 1471

Tewkesbury · Gloucestershire

Tewkesbury (Gloucestershire, England), where on 4 May 1471 the Yorkist army of King Edward IV decisively defeated the Lancastrians, ending a key phase of the Wars of the Roses. A Registered Battlefield (NHLE 1000039).

Borodino Battlefield

Borodino · Moscow Oblast

Borodino (west of Moscow, Russia), site of the bloody encounter of 7 September 1812 between Napoleon’s Grande Armée and the Imperial Russian Army under Mikhail Kutuzov.

Bosworth Battlefield

Market Bosworth · Leicestershire

Bosworth Field (Leicestershire, England), where on 22 August 1485 Richard III was killed in battle against Henry Tudor, concluding the Wars of the Roses. A Registered Battlefield (NHLE 1000004).

Crécy Battlefield

Crécy-en-Ponthieu · Somme

Crécy-en-Ponthieu (Somme, France), site of the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346, a decisive English victory demonstrating the tactical dominance of the longbow.

Culloden Battlefield

Culloden · Highland

Culloden Moor near Inverness (Highland, Scotland), site of the 16 April 1746 battle that crushed the Jacobite Rising of 1745. A Designated Scottish Battlefield (HES BTL6).

Gallipoli Battlefield

Gelibolu (Gallipoli) · Çanakkale

The Gallipoli Peninsula (Turkey), site of the 1915 Allied amphibious landings and the protracted trench campaign against Ottoman forces in the First World War.

Hougoumont Farm

Braine-l'Alleud · Waals-Brabant

Hougoumont (Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium), the fortified manor farm whose defense by British Guards on 18 June 1815 was vital to Wellington’s victory at Waterloo.

Kobarid Museum

The Kobarid Museum in western Slovenia presents the history and human experience of the First World War’s Soča, or Isonzo, Front. It was established in 1990 and received the Council of Europe Museum Prize in 1993. The permanent exhibition treats the fighting of 1915–1917 and the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, also known as the Battle of Kobarid or Caporetto. Maps, objects, photographs and personal testimony connect the military events with the lives of soldiers and the surrounding region. This dossier concerns the museum, not a single battlefield location.

Leipzig Battlefield

Leipzig · Saxony

Leipzig (Saxony, Germany), site of the “Battle of the Nations” (16–19 October 1813), where the Coalition decisively broke Napoleonic hegemony in Central Europe.

Lepanto Commemorative Site

Nafpaktos · Western Greece

Nafpaktos (historically Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth, Greece), where the decisive naval engagement of 7 October 1571 between the Holy League and Ottoman fleet is commemorated.

Marathon Battlefield

Marathonas · Attica

The plain of Marathon (Attica, Greece), where in September 490 BC Athenian and Plataean hoplites defeated the first Persian invasion under Darius I.

Normandy D-Day Landing Sites

Bayeux sector · Normandie

The coastline of Normandy (France), where the Allied amphibious and airborne invasion of Operation Overlord commenced on D-Day, 6 June 1944.

Passchendaele Battlefield

Passendale (Zonnebeke) · West Flanders

Passendale near Ypres (West Flanders, Belgium), location of the Third Battle of Ypres (31 July – 10 November 1917), remembered for brutal attrition in mud and rain.

Poltava Battlefield

Poltava · Poltava Oblast

Poltava (Ukraine), where Peter the Great’s Russian army defeated King Charles XII of Sweden on 27 June 1709, marking the decisive shift of the Great Northern War.